Sami Publishing CompanyAdvanced Journal of Chemistry, Section B: Natural Products and Medical Chemistry2716-96344320220801Investigation of Environmental Processes of Industrial and Municipal Wastewaters17418715116210.22034/ajcb.2022.333678.1116ENMasood Bagheri SadrSustainable Infrastructure, Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, AustraliaAmir SamimiPh.D. of Science in Chemical Engineering, Process Engineer & Risk Specialist in Industries, Iran0000-0001-7270-2261Journal Article20220111The processes that take place in the collection network have different phases, which are generally complex systems. These processes may occur in various phases, including the fluid phase, the biofilm phase, the wastewater sediment phase, the air in the network, and finally the wall of the sewer wall. These processes have a significant impact on the urban space, for instance, the odorous compounds may be dispersed in the urban atmosphere. Wastewater treatment plants and local wastewater treatment systems are also affected by physical, chemical, and biological reactions in the networks. In addition to receiving discharged materials to the network, these facilities also receive products from network processes such as sludge and treated water. There are several examples that indicate the importance of these processes, for example the effect of sulfide under anaerobic conditions is well known. Sulfide is a serious hazard to humans, a foul-smelling and toxic compound, and may also cause corrosion problems in the network. In addition, anaerobic conditions may result in the production of easily degradable substrates which impair phosphorus removal and de-nitrification in the treatment plant and increase the need for treatment plant facilities. If the collection network is under aerobic conditions, these easily degradable organic materials are removed to produce particles that are easily degradable. Therefore, with proper and efficient design, the conditions governing wastewater during transfer in the collection network may be improved and this potential of collection networks may be used in the removal of wastewater organic matter.https://www.ajchem-b.com/article_151162_7d3ff3215ac104bd9737c61598071dd5.pdfSami Publishing CompanyAdvanced Journal of Chemistry, Section B: Natural Products and Medical Chemistry2716-96344320220801Isolation and Characterization of Two Phytosterols from Strychnos Innocua (Delile) Root Bark, and In Silico Molecular Docking Studies as Antibacterial Agents18820115410910.22034/ajcb.2022.343747.1122ENJibrin UttuAhmedDepartment of Chemistry, Federal University Gashua, Yobe State, Nigeria0000-0002-4089-5529Muhammad Sani SallauDepartment of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria–NigeriaOgunkemi Risikat AgbekeIyunDepartment of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria–NigeriaHamisu IbrahimDepartment of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria–NigeriaJournal Article20220523Phytosterols derived from medicinal plants are well-known for their therapeutic effects in the treatment of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and microbial infections. <em>Strychnos</em> <em>innocua</em> (a <em>Loganiaceae</em> family member) grows in numerous African countries and is widely used for medicinal purposes. This plant's (root bark) ethyl acetate extract was subjected to chromatographic separation, resulting in the isolation of Campesterol (<strong>1</strong>) and β-Sitosterol (<strong>2</strong>). Their structures were verified using mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (1D and 2D NMR), and in comparison to published data. This is a novel report of phytosterol compounds which were isolated from <em>S</em>. <em>innocua</em> root bark. The in<em> </em>silico investigation found that the binding affinities of Campesterol (<strong>1</strong>) with binding sites of <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> pyruvate carboxylase (PDB: 3HO8) and <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> virulence factor regulator (PDB: 2OZ6) were -7.8 and -7.9 kcal/mol, respectively. Furthermore, the binding affinities of β-Sitosterol (<strong>2</strong>) with binding sites of <em>S. aureus</em> and <em>P. aeruginosa</em> are -7.6 and -7.7 kcal/mol, respectively, while ciprofloxacin (standard drugs) exhibited binding affinities of -6.6 and -8.7 kcal/mol. This study concluded that the <em>S</em>.<em> innocua </em>root bark has a rich presence of Campesterol and β-Sitosterol, while their molecular docking studies revealed that they have excellent interactions with <em>S. aureus</em> and <em>P. aeruginosa.</em>https://www.ajchem-b.com/article_154109_a60a049f621d5ccf7d5d1cce2857f1aa.pdfSami Publishing CompanyAdvanced Journal of Chemistry, Section B: Natural Products and Medical Chemistry2716-96344320220801Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of the Antioxidant Potentials of the Stem Bark Extracts of Erythrophleum Africanum (African Blackwood)20220815815010.22034/ajcb.2022.345261.1123ENAbdulrazaq TukurDepartment of Chemistry, Al-Qalam University, Katsina, Katsina State Nigeria0000-0002-1140-8453Nasiru MalanMusaDepartment of Chemistry, Al-Qalam University, Katsina, Katsina State NigeriaTajuddeen JimohAbdullahiDepartment of Chemistry, Al-Qalam University, Katsina, Katsina State NigeriaMurtala YusufDepartment of Biological Sciences, Al-Qalam University, Katsina, Katsina State NigeriaMaryam IsmailUsmanDepartment of Chemistry, Al-Qalam University, Katsina, Katsina State NigeriaJournal Article20220601Antioxidant agents have been reported to play a significant role in protecting against infections induced by oxidant damage. <em>Erythrophleum africanum </em>have been found to be a reservoir of antioxidant agents. The powdered stem bark sample was macerated with acetone, methanol, and water successively for two weeks by using standard maceration method. The mixtures were agitated with a magnetic stirrer to dissolve the particles, decanted, filtered, and concentrated on rotavapor (R110) at 40 to obtain the acetone, methanol, and water (aqueous) extracts. By using hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) scavenging assay, the antioxidant potentials of <em>Erythrophleum africanum</em> stem bark extracts was investigated for its free radical scavenging property. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of seven (7) different secondary metabolites including: saponins, tannins, flavonoids, quinones, glycosides, phenols, and steroids. From the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> scavenging assay, the acetone, methanol, and water (aqueous) extracts showed good dose-dependent free radical scavenging potentials. Both acetone and methanol extracts showed remarkable antioxidant capabilities compared with the standard (ascorbic acid), with the exception of the aqueous extract, which is lower than the standard (ascorbic acid, acetone, methanol, and water: 1.851, 2.412, 2,888, and 1.289). The presence of different secondary metabolites in the stem bark extracts of <em>Erythrophleum africanum</em> proves the use of the plant in folkore medicine and confirm its use as antioxidant. https://www.ajchem-b.com/article_158150_4ae97621e90aff894259b58d61fe94db.pdfSami Publishing CompanyAdvanced Journal of Chemistry, Section B: Natural Products and Medical Chemistry2716-96344320220801A review on Nanoparticle Application as an Additive in Lubricants20922115815210.22034/ajcb.2022.353097.1125ENSara ZilabiDepartment of chemical engineering, Amir kabir university, mahshahr branch, IranMohammad ShareeiDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Mahshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahshahr, IranAlireza BozorgianDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Mahshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahshahr, Iran0000-0002-2454-5027Amin AhmadpourNational Petrochemical Company, Research and Technology Company, IranEbrahimi EsmaeilDepartment of Mechanical Engineering Division, Dezful Beranch, Islamic Azad university, Dezful, IranJournal Article20220724Lubricants are obtained from mineral-based oils or synthetic oils. Due to their limitations, these oils do not meet the standards set by equipment manufacturers. To overcome these limitations, very few but effective additives are included in the base oil formulation, which lead to significant improvements in lubricants' properties, such as anti-oxidation properties, tribological properties, and thermal properties. Additives improve the physical and chemical properties of base oil and reduce wear and friction of moving parts. Nanomaterials have been used as environmentally friendly additives to increase the tribological properties of lubricating oils such as motor oil, industrial oils, grease, etc. Nanomaterials have features such as high surface energy, small size, and thermal stability, which have been used as anti-wear, anti-friction, and high compressibility additives. In this research, the use of nano additives in the lubrication industry, the common oil additives, and specifically the use of nano scale particles to improve the performance of the base oil have been reviewed. Different nanoparticles that have been considered include: Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, TiO<sub>2</sub>, CuO, and ZnO. TiO<sub>2</sub> with a volume fraction of 0.01 has increased the load carrying capacity of round bearings by 40%. It was also found that MoS<sub>2</sub> can reduce the friction torque by 33%. By adding 0.08 mass percent of graphene oxide combined with nickel nanoparticles to paraffin oil, the friction coefficient, and wear scar diameter have decreased by 32% and 42%, respectively.https://www.ajchem-b.com/article_158152_4fd61977c2e4e57894e8f62e78ea2bcd.pdfSami Publishing CompanyAdvanced Journal of Chemistry, Section B: Natural Products and Medical Chemistry2716-96344320220801Development of UV Spectrophotometric Method for Quantitative Estimation of Quercetin in Ocular Formulations22222615959910.22034/ajcb.2022.339513.1121ENRabiah BashirPhD Research Scholar Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Kashmir, J & K India, 190006Tabasum AliPhD Research Scholar Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Kashmir, J & K India, 190006Shabnam AKawoosaPhD Research Scholar Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Kashmir, J & K India, 190006Nisar AKhanPhD Research Scholar Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Kashmir, J & K India, 190006Journal Article20220518To estimate quercetin in ophthalmic formulations, an accurate and simple UV spectroscopic method has been developed. Quercetin shows absorbance maximum at 255 in the ethanol. In the concentration range of 3 -18 μg/mL, Beer Lambert<sup>s</sup> law was obeyed. This method is useful for a regular estimation of quercetin in ophthalmic formulations like eye drops and other formulations are used for the treatment of ophthalmic diseases having quercetin as an active pharmaceutical ingredient which was developed and validated as the underlying method per the guidelines by ICH.https://www.ajchem-b.com/article_159599_da4988cabb7b6944e09b35b027181491.pdfSami Publishing CompanyAdvanced Journal of Chemistry, Section B: Natural Products and Medical Chemistry2716-96344320220801Effects of Maternal Stress on Infant Neurodevelopment: A Non-Systematic Review22723816082710.22034/ajcb.2022.367544.1130ENSaeid CharsoueiAssistant Professor of Neurology, Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran0000-0003-2889-2795Vahideh RahmaniAssistant Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran0000-0001-5966-8767Journal Article20221028<strong>Introduction:</strong> Since stress leads to changes in the secretion of endocrine and exocrine system hormones and these hormones leave their negative effects on the health of mothers and their fetuses and babies, and on the other hand, concerning the period of pregnancy is a stressful period and this stress affects the development of the nervous system of babies, so we decided to investigate the effects of the stress of pregnant mothers on the nervous development of babies in this review study.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> This review study was conducted with the aim of explaining the role of stress on the development of the nervous system of infants. All review studies, clinical trials, and descriptive studies were searched to achieve the goals of this research. No time limit was applied to the studies and all published studies were evaluated in Persian and English languages.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> A number of articles were included in this review. The headlines of this study included stress and pregnancy, the effect of stress on pregnancy, childbirth, the effect of stress on the fetus and the baby, and the differences between male and female fetuses in being affected by maternal stress, which were fully explained.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Although the basal glucocorticoid level is necessary for fertility and fetal growth and development, its increase through high activity of the HPA axis (which leads to glucocorticoid production) or drug treatments with glucocorticoids can have negative effects on fertility and have the health of the fetus and its future life.https://www.ajchem-b.com/article_160827_cce6eb8699a538ac9721bb6d58bd9ce1.pdf